Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions
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This is a timeline of states of matter and phase transitions, specifically discoveries related to either of these topics.
Timeline
[edit]Antiquity
[edit]- c. 450 BC – Empedocles introduces the four classical element (earth, water, air, fire).[1]
- c. 340 BC – Aristotle in his work Meteorology, expand on the classical elements and describes the water cycle. His cycle includes evaporation of water, formation of clouds, snow and rain.[2]
- c. 77 AD – Pliny the Elder in his Natural History, concludes that clouds are formed by the condensation of air.[2]
Before 19th century
[edit]- 1471 – Alchemist George Ripley describes 12 main alchemical processes including congelation and sublimation.[3]
- 1530 – Alchemist Paracelsus proposes his theory of tria prima were primary elements being: a combustible element (sulfur), a liquid changeable element (mercury) and solid element (salt).[4]
- 1637. – René Descartes rejects the hypothesis that water vapor is the same as air.[2]
- 1648 – Jan Baptist van Helmont coins the term gas.[5]
- c. 1660 – Otto von Guericke carries experiment to demonstrate the artificial formation of fog.[2]
- 1751 – Charles Le Roy describes clouds as suspension of water.[2]
19th century
[edit]- 1868 – Dmitry Chernov introduces the critical points of steel.[6]
- 1876 – Josiah Willard Gibbs introduces the concept of "phase".[6]
- 1879 – Sir William Crookes first identifies plasma in laboratory[7]
- 1881 – John Aitken demonstrate that in fog, water condenses on particles in air. He also establishes the dew point.[2]
- 1887 – Floris Osmond introduces the different names for the phases of steel.[6]
- 1895 – Pierre Curie discovers that induced magnetization is proportional to magnetic field strength[8]
20th century
[edit]- 1911 – Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discloses his research on superconductivity[9]
- 1912 – Peter Debye derives the T3 law for the low temperature heat capacity of a nonmetallic solid[10]
- 1924–1925 – Bose–Einstein condensate was first predicted, generally, by Albert Einstein[11]
- 1925 – Ernst Ising presents the solution to the one-dimensional Ising model[12]
- 1928 – Felix Bloch applies quantum mechanics to electrons in crystal lattices, establishing the quantum theory of solids[13]
- 1929 – Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac [citation needed] and Werner Karl Heisenberg develop the quantum theory of ferromagnetism[14]
- 1932 – Louis Eugène Félix Néel discovers antiferromagnetism[15]
- 1933 – Paul Ehrenfest classifies the general types of phases transitions.[16]
- 1933 – Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discover perfect superconducting diamagnetism[17]
- 1933–1937 – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the Landau theory of phase transitions[18]
- 1937 – Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa and John Frank Allen/Don Misener discover superfluidity[19][20]
- 1941 – Lev Davidovich Landau explains superfluidity[21][22]
- 1942 – Hannes Alfvén predicts magnetohydrodynamic waves in plasmas[23]
- 1944 – Lars Onsager publishes the exact solution to the two-dimensional Ising model[24]
- 1957 – John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and Robert Schrieffer develop the BCS theory of superconductivity[25][26]
- End of the 50s – Lev Davidovich Landau develops the theory of Fermi liquid[27]
- 1959 – Philip Warren Anderson predicts localization in disordered systems[28]
- 1972 – Douglas Osheroff, Robert C. Richardson, and David M. Lee discover that helium-3 can become a superfluid[29]
- 1974 – Kenneth G. Wilson develops the renormalization group technique for treating phase transitions[30]
- 1980 – Klaus von Klitzing discovers the quantum Hall effect[31]
- 1982 – Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui discover the fractional quantum Hall effect[32]
- 1983 – Robert B. Laughlin explains the fractional quantum Hall effect[32]
- 1986 – Karl Alexander Müller and Georg Bednorz discover high critical temperature ceramic superconductors[33]
- 1995 – Eric Cornell and Carl Wieman produce the first Bose–Einstein condensate using rubidium atoms[34]
- 1997 – Steven T. Bramwell and Mark J. Harris team find an compound that behaves as spin ice at low temperatures.[35]
21st century
[edit]- 2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter.[36]
References
[edit]- ^ Russell, Bertrand (1993). History of western philosophy: and its connection with political and social circumstances from the earliest times to the present day. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-07854-2.
- ^ a b c d e f Möller, Detlev (9 March 2020). History, Change and Sustainability. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-055996-5.
- ^ Linden, Stanton J. (28 August 2003). The Alchemy Reader: From Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79662-0.
- ^ "Alchemy, the Four Elements, and the Tria Prima | cabinet". www.cabinet.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2025.
- ^ Lærke, Mogens; Andrault, Raphaele (29 January 2018). Steno and the Philosophers. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-36065-5.
- ^ a b c Schastlivtsev, Vadim M.; Zel'dovich, Vitaly I. (7 February 2022). Physical Metallurgy: Metals, Alloys, Phase Transformations. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-075802-3.
- ^ "Find in a Library: On radiant matter a lecture delivered to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, at Sheffield" (lecture). Sheffield, England. 22 August 1879. OCLC 5210512. Archived from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2006.
- ^ Curie, Pierre (1895). Propriétés magnétiques des corps à diverses températures [Magnetic properties of bodies at various temperatures] ([Presented to FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES DE PARIS] PhD thesis) (in French). Paris, France: Gauthier-Villars et fils. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
- ^ van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (1 September 2010). "The discovery of superconductivity". Physics Today. Vol. 63, no. 9. AIP Publishing LLC. pp. 38–43. doi:10.1063/1.3490499. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ^ Debye, Peter (1912). "Zur Theorie der spezifischen Wärmen". Annalen der Physik (in German). 39 (4): 789–839. Bibcode:1912AnP...344..789D. doi:10.1002/andp.19123441404.
- ^ Einstein, Albert (10 July 1924). "Quantentheorie des einatomigen idealen Gases" (PDF). Königliche Preußische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Sitzungsberichte (in German): 261–267. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Ising, Ernst (9 December 1924). Beitrag zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus [Contribution to the Theory of Ferromagnetism]. Zeitschrift für Physik (PhD thesis). Vol. 31. Hamburg, Germany (published 1925). pp. 253–258.
- ^ Bloch, Felix (1928). Über die Quantenmechanik der Elektronen in Kristallgittern [On the quantum mechanics of electrons in crystal lattices] (PhD thesis) (in German). Universität Leipzig. OCLC 43394732.
- ^ Heisenberg, Werner (September 1928). "Zur Theorie des Ferromagnetismus" [On the theory of ferromagnetism]. Zeitschrift für Physik (Journal of Physics) (in German). 49 (9): 619–636. Bibcode:1928ZPhy...49..619H. doi:10.1007/BF01328601.
- ^ Louis Néel (1932). "Influence des fluctuations du champ moléculaire sur les propriétés magnétiques des corps" [Influence of molecular field fluctuations on the magnetic properties of bodies] (PDF). Annales de Physique (in French). 10 (18): 5–105. Bibcode:1932AnPh...10....5N. doi:10.1051/anphys/193210180005.
- ^ Jaeger, Gregg (1 May 1998). "The Ehrenfest Classification of Phase Transitions: Introduction and Evolution". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 53 (1): 51–81. doi:10.1007/s004070050021. ISSN 1432-0657.
- ^ Meissner, Walther; Ochsenfeld, Robert (November 1933). "Ein neuer Effekt bei Eintritt der Supraleitfähigkeit" [A new effect when superconductivity occurs]. Naturwissenschaften. 21 (44): 787–788. Bibcode:1933NW.....21..787M. doi:10.1007/BF01504252.
- ^ Lev D. Landau (1937). "On the Theory of Phase Transitions" (PDF). Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 7: 19-32. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 December 2015.
- ^ Kapitza, P. (1938). "Viscosity of Liquid Helium Below the λ-Point". Nature. 141 (3558): 74. Bibcode:1938Natur.141...74K. doi:10.1038/141074a0. S2CID 3997900.
- ^ Allen, J. F.; Misener, A. D. (1938). "Flow of Liquid Helium II". Nature. 142 (3597): 643. Bibcode:1938Natur.142..643A. doi:10.1038/142643a0. S2CID 4135906.
- ^ Landau, Lev D. (15 August 1941). "Theory of the Superfluidity of Helium II". Physical Review. 60 (4): 356–358. Bibcode:1941PhRv...60..356L. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.60.356.
- ^ Landau, Lev D. (1941). "On the theory of superfluidity of helium II". Journal of Physics USSR. 5: 71–77.
- ^ ALFVÉN, Hannes (1 October 1942). "Existence of Electromagnetic-Hydrodynamic Waves". Nature. 150 (3805): 405–406. Bibcode:1942Natur.150..405A. doi:10.1038/150405d0.
- ^ Onsager, Lars (1 February 1944), "Crystal statistics. 1. A Two-dimensional model with an order disorder transition", Physical Review, 65 (3–4): 117–149, Bibcode:1944PhRv...65..117O, doi:10.1103/PhysRev.65.117
- ^ Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (April 1957). "Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 106 (1): 162–164. Bibcode:1957PhRv..106..162B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.106.162.
- ^ Bardeen, J.; Cooper, L. N.; Schrieffer, J. R. (December 1957). "Theory of Superconductivity". Physical Review. 108 (5): 1175–1204. Bibcode:1957PhRv..108.1175B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.108.1175.
- ^ Landau, Lev D. (January 1957). "The theory of the Fermi liquid". Soviet Physics JETP. 3 (6). Translated by Kruglak, H.: 920. Original: € Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., J. Exptl. Theoret. Phys. (U.S.S.R.) Vol. 30, 1956, pp. 1058-1064.
- ^ Anderson, Philip Warren (10 October 1957). "Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices". Physical Review. 109 (5) (published 1 March 1958): 1492. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.109.1492.
- ^ Osheroff, Douglas Dean; Richardson, Robert Coleman; Lee, David M. (10 February 1972). "Evidence for a New Phase of Solid He3". Physical Review Letters. 28 (14) (published 3 April 1972): 885–888. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.885.
- ^ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1 April 1974). "Critical phenomena in 3.99 dimensions". Physica. 73 (1): 119–128. Bibcode:1974Phy....73..119W. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(74)90229-8.
- ^ Klaus, von Klitzing (1 July 1986). "The quantized Hall effect". Reviews of Modern Physics. 58 (3). American Physical Society: 519–531. Bibcode:1986RvMP...58..519V. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.58.519.
- ^ a b "Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998". nobelprize.org. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 13 October 1998. Retrieved 2 September 2024.
- ^ Bednorz, J. G.; Müller, K. A. (1 June 1986). "Possible highT c superconductivity in the Ba−La−Cu−O system". Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter. 64 (2): 189–193. doi:10.1007/BF01303701.
- ^ Anderson, M. H.; Ensher, J. R.; Matthews, M. R.; Wieman, C. E.; Cornell, E. A. (14 July 1995). "Observation of Bose-Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor". Science. 269 (5221): 198–201. Bibcode:1995Sci...269..198A. doi:10.1126/science.269.5221.198. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17789847.
- ^ Udagawa, Masafumi; Jaubert, Ludovic (19 October 2021). Spin Ice. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-70860-3.
- ^ "New State of Matter created at CERN". CERN. Retrieved 22 May 2020.